# Sermorelin References: The Cited GHRH(1-29) Literature

> Sermorelin references — the full cited literature behind this digest: pediatric and aging trials, pharmacokinetics, GHRH/GHRP studies, and the 2025 GHRH review, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every quantitative claim in this digest resolves to one of these sources — pediatric and aging trials, pharmacokinetic studies, the GHRH/GHRP literature, and the 2025 review. PubMed and DOI for each.

## How to read this list

These are the sermorelin references cited throughout the site, numbered to match the inline markers. The literature spans human GHRH(1-29) trials (pediatric growth, aging), pharmacokinetics, the broader GHRH/GHRP secretagogue physiology, and a 2025 authoritative review of GHRH biology. Where a study used the stabilized analogue tesamorelin or a GHRP rather than sermorelin itself, that is noted in the body copy as drug-class evidence. Each entry carries a DOI and a PubMed link; resolve any of them to read the primary source.

## References

[1] Thorner M, Rochiccioli P, Colle M, Lanes R, Grunt J, Galazka A, Landy H, Eengrand P, Shah S. Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(3):1189-96. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8772599/
[2] Corpas E, Harman SM, Pineyro MA, Roberson R, Blackman MR. Growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-(1-29) twice daily reverses the decreased GH and insulin-like growth factor-I levels in old men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75(2):530-535. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1379256/
[3] Wilton P, Chardet Y, Danielson K, Widlund L, Gunnarsson R. Pharmacokinetics of growth hormone-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 and stimulation of growth hormone secretion in healthy subjects after intravenous or intranasal administration. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1993;388:10-15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8329825/
[4] Walker RF. Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency? Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(4):307-308. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18046908/
[5] Blackman MR. Use of growth hormone secretagogues to prevent or treat the effects of aging: not yet ready for prime time. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149(9):677-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18981489/
[6] Baker LD, Barsness SM, Borson S, Merriam GR, Friedman SD, Craft S, Vitiello MV. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: results of a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(11):1420-1429. (NCT00257712, SMART trial; stabilized GHRH analogue tesamorelin.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22869065/
[7] Gelander L, Lindstedt G, Selstam G, et al. Effects of acute intravenous injection of two growth hormone-releasing hormones (GHRH 1-40 and 1-29) on serum growth hormone and other pituitary hormones in short children with pulsatile growth hormone secretion. Horm Res. 1989;31:213-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2515143/
[8] Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY. Factors other than sex steroids modulate GHRH and GHRP-2 efficacies in men: evaluation using a GnRH agonist/testosterone clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:2544-50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19351731/
[9] Veldhuis JD, et al. Testosterone supplementation in healthy older men drives GH and IGF-I secretion without potentiating peptidyl secretagogue efficacy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;153:577-86. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16189179/
[10] Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY. Determinants of GH-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide synergy in men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;296:E1085-92. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19240251/
[11] Bowers CY, Granda-Ayala R. Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 response to acute and chronic growth hormone-releasing peptide-2, growth hormone-releasing hormone 1-44NH2 and in combination in older men and women with decreased growth hormone secretion. Endocrine. 2001;14:79-86. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11322505/
[12] Schier T, Guldner J, Colla M, et al. Changes in sleep-endocrine activity after growth hormone-releasing hormone depend on time of administration. J Neuroendocrinol. 1997;9(3):201-205. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9089471/
[13] Guldner J, Schier T, Friess E, et al. Reduced efficacy of growth hormone-releasing hormone in modulating sleep endocrine activity in the elderly. Neurobiol Aging. 1997;18(5):491-495. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9390775/
[14] Steiger A, et al. The significance of sleep onset and slow wave sleep for nocturnal release of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1988;13(3):231-243. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3406323/
[15] Granata R, Leone S, Zhang X, Gesmundo I, Steenblock C, Cai R, Sha W, Ghigo E, Hare JM, Bornstein SR, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025. (Online ahead of print 2024.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39537825/

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A green-phosphor terminal reading of the sermorelin record — each GHRH(1-29) figure logged to its study, the ~10-12-minute half-life that motivates the longer-acting analogues surfaced first, the formerly-approved-now-compounded history stated as filed, and the body-composition evidence marked as tesamorelin where it belongs; the 'order' here is a command at a prompt, never a checkout, and nothing on this console is dosed, dispensed, or sold.